Somatic (body) cells in plants, animals, and fungi, and most single-celled protists all go through mitosis. Mitosis leads to daughter cells that are genetically identical to the original parent cell and to each other. This stage takes place in one of two processes, depending on the cell type.
The second stage involves division of the nucleus and all of the genetic material. When the cell is ready, it exits Interphase and starts the second stage in the cell cycle. Necessary resources like protein fibers and microtubules are built, and the mitochondria replicate and divide (we’re about to need a whole bunch of energy!). Once each chromosome is duplicated, cells enter into the G2 phase. Other enzymes use the parent DNA strands as templates and build new daughter strands of DNA by attaching nucleotides and reforming the DNA helix (“spiral staircase”).
Within the nucleus, enzymes unravel the chromosomes and separate the parent DNA strands (existing, complementary DNA molecules) from each other. This takes place in the S phase of interphase. Once the cell has replaced its parts and built up its energy reserves, the DNA is copied. G1 is the primary growth phase in which these things are replaced. Interphase consists of three phases of its own the cleverly named G1 (growth 1), S (synthesis), and G2 (growth 2) phases.ĭuring G1, cells have often just come out of cell division and need to replace organelles, structural components, and energy stores used and lost during that process. Most cells in your body (and those of all other living things) spend most of their lives in interphase. Liver cells are detoxifying the blood, nerve cells are sending and receiving electrical impulses, skin cells are forming a barrier to the outside world and protecting your inside bits and pieces. During interphase, cells are going through their normal daily cell routines. The cell cycleĪll cells go through the life stages that we call the cell cycle. In lab, you’ll model these processes with models and practice using the necessary terms to keep track of chromosomes! To prepare, you’ll read the general information on how these processes work so you can come to lab ready to apply your knowledge and see mitosis under the microscope. If you are having trouble with these processes, this lab should help. How many chromosomes are involved in each process? Where did the chromosomes come from what happens to them how does it happen and why is it necessary for all these things to take place? And, perhaps most importantly, how can I remember all this stuff? This lab is designed to make sense out of eukaryotic cell division. Many questions often arise when learning these processes. The processes by which cells divide are complicated and there are a lot of details to remember.
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